Use Of Green Building Constructions Environmental Sciences Essay

Utilization Of Green Building Constructions Environmental Sciences Essay India is the Seventh biggest nation on the planet and it has populace of 1.24 billion starting at 2012 as indicated by World Population Review 2012. Starting at 2012 India encountered a development of 5.5% in its Gross Domestic Product (Money Control, 2012). Around the same time, the Construction business Experienced a development of 6.6%. During the year 2011, development industry was esteemed at Rs.18.5 trillion (Reportlinker, 2012). Indian Green Building Council was begun on 2001 by Confederation of Indian Industry. The point of this board is to expand green structure development in India and to make India one of the pioneers in green structures of the world. Advantages from green structures can be both unmistakable and immaterial . Most significant profit by development of green structures are decrease in utilization of water and vitality costs during the development of building. The substantial advantages by utilizing green structures are sparing water sources at 30-half and vit ality sources by 20-30%. The immaterial advantages in development of green structures are away from of day lighting, wellbeing and prosperity of the inhabitants, protection of national assets and upgraded air and attractiveness of the task (Indian Green Building Council,2008). Indian Green Building Council is a framework intended for rating private structures which incorporate Gated people group, Residential condos, Retrofitting of private structures with understanding to Indian Green Buildings Council (Indian Green Building Council, 2008). The expanded development in financial exercises of any nation is causing pressure on ecological and common assets. There is proof that an irreversible harm is caused to worldwide condition because of human exercises, which affect personal satisfaction for people in the future. This worry for condition because of a dangerous atmospheric devation has made governments scan for manageable arrangements. In India, the land business is the primary patron for an Earth-wide temperature boost because of discharge of ozone depleting substances discharged because of vitality use from structures. Henceforth, there is a need for creating reasonable green structures and advancements in the development business. Contrasted with the world normal development of 5.2% in development industry, India is developing quickly with a pace of 10% and furthermore 20% of absolute power is devoured by structures in India (Lang and Meghraj, 2008). This shows it is an extraordinary chance to actuate development of green structures or practical structures in the nation. Sometimes designers need to confront a great deal of difficu lties since development of green structures will cost a ton for certain cases. Green Buildings Development: Supportable improvement is frequently characterized as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Meeting the necessities of the current age without bargaining the capacity of people in the future to meet their needs.㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Brundtland, 1987). Practical improvement is reasonably separated into three sorts. They are Economic Sustainability, Social Sustainability and Environment Sustainability (John Elkington, 1999). Execution of modern economy is constantly been estimated by money related result. Finding some kind of harmony between the over three constituent parts will be a key in accomplishing economical turn of events. In India land industry is the significant vitality customers and Greenhouse Gas producers. 38% of worldwide vitality is being devoured by land industry and very nearly 3,800 tons of ozone depleting substance is radiated each year, as indicated by a report done by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change in the year 1996. This report has excluded use of some other assets, for example, water. Because of expanded an unnatural weather change, drained sources and customer pressures had pushed the requirem ent for manageability in development industry area (Lang and Meghraj, 2008). Manageability in development industry isn't constrained to vitality protection likewise incorporates asset use, working conditions and furthermore neighbor environmental factors. This circumstance has offered ascend to improvement of feasible structures. The green structure for the most part underscores decrease of natural effects on an incorporated way to deal with land, development techniques and building utilizes in a manageable manner. Generally a green structure utilizes less measure of vitality, regular assets and water when contrasted with other typical structure. By development of feasible structures less measure of development squander is produced and it additionally helps in giving more advantageous condition to individuals living in it. Green structures have feasible highlights like adequate utilization of water, vitality and eco-accommodating condition, use of reused materials, sustainable power source, scenes, successful structure and control the executives frameworks (Lang and Meghraj, 2008). The advantages of manageable structure for the most part rely upon the degree at which they are utilized during the arranging and configuration state. A green structure will be fruitful just on the off chance that it is incorporated beginning from the plan state. The contemplations that are considered in structure of green structure are gracefully chain beginning from material sourcing, reused asset use, urban comforts, demonstrating of vitality lastly squander removal for occupiers training. Feasible Buildings in India: In India, green structure development began with foundation of Indian Green Building Council in 2001, which was begun by CII (Confederation of Indian Industries). The main manageable structure was built on July 14 2004 at Hyderabad named as CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Center (Lang and Meghraj, 2008). In India there are around 18 LEED affirmed green structures with a region of around 110 million sq ft before the finish of 2007 (CII-Energy Efficiency in Building Design and development, 2010). In India, the development business is viewed as one of the greatest producer of Greenhouse Gases. 20-25% of devoured power by government structures is being squandered because of unfit plan, as per a report put together by Ministry of intensity in June 2004. This is a similar situation in private division. Merits and Cost of Sustainable Buildings In India: The fundamental distinction among ordinary and green structures are that green structures have improved indoor condition and furthermore operational reserve funds. The financial favorable circumstances of green structures won't be noticeable quickly, since the lifetime compensation is higher contrasted with that of ordinary structures which chiefly originate from cost reserve funds, diminished carbon emanation and higher capital or rental qualities. The social favorable circumstances are because of expanded green structures in the earth. It additionally helps in expanding occupants and decline their medical issues because of better working condition. In India, the recompense of platinum evaluated building will run from 5 to 7 years where as gold appraised and silver appraised fabricating have a time of 3 to 4 years (Lang and Meghraj, 2008). The regular thought among Indian designers is that development of green structures is costlier when contrasted with typical structures and it wil l require some investment to get restitution on maintainable structures. This explanation is because of principally following: green structures are still in the phase of creating, not having enough specialized data on green structures, execution of supportable structures are as yet awkward, favoring short profits as opposed to centering forever term returns (Lang and Meghraj, 2008). Cost Premium of Green structures in India ranges from 6-18%, it relies upon the appraisals (Confederation of Indian Industry, 2008). There are green structure rating frameworks which give data about changes, exertion by the proprietors contributed on accomplishing a decent exhibition manageable structure and natural advantages of the land. The maintainable structure rating frameworks are as per the following: BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method, utilized for the most part in UK) LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, utilized for the most part in US) Green Star (Used for the most part in Australia and New Zealand have their own kind of Green Star) NABERS (National Australian Built Environment Rating System) LEED in India by Indian Green Building Council GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment) Cost Analysis of Green structures: In expressions of Greg Kats Principal of capital (a consultancy concentrating on clean vitality), he says that there is enormous distinction between working expense and capital expense of maintainable structure. For what reason Did I Chose Green Building Constructions and Their Cost Efficiency in India: The vast majority in India think about Green Buildings, however dont know the technique how to begin and what are the strategies to be taken consideration in beginning a practical development. We have absence of data on Sustainable structures and Government of India must teach individuals on feasible structures. Development of green structures began in India as of late during the year 2004 up to that point individuals where building private structures, non-private structures remembering government structures for ordinary ways. My point in picking this subject is to show that despite the fact that green structures are expensive however in lifetime they can get their compensation and furthermore give solid condition to neighbors and tenants. Government should help in giving budgetary assistance to developing feasible structures in India.

Leadership, Innovation and Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Initiative, Innovation and Change - Essay Example The paper tells that the jobs played by top pioneers are essential in deciding the market position of a company’s item. Considering the way that top heads are associated with the advancement of both corporate and business methodologies, their capacity to impact showcase execution can't be disregarded. While there is proof that pioneers and their initiative style can affect the market execution of the organization, it isn't away from level of effect included. Analysts have tried to break down whether the impact of pioneers is an amazingly huge commitment to the market execution of an organization or whether the basic significance of different components supplants the job of pioneers. The top administration in any association enjoys dynamic arranging and improvement of the authority technique, corporate procedure, and the business methodology. The improvement of these techniques relies upon the pioneers comprehension of the likely qualities and the shortcomings of the organizati on just as a basic examination of the potential dangers and openings. The job of vital arranging is essentially to guarantee that an organization has set up activities that advance and use its qualities and openings while taking proportions of taking care of dangers and limiting the shortcomings. Such vital arranging is unthinkable if top pioneers don't comprehend both the inward and outside condition of the association. Pioneers face the impulse of guaranteeing that vital arranging unites various divisions in a suitable reaction to both outer and inward factors. Besides, pioneers should be educated on various issues with respect to the business they work in. They have to comprehend the following patterns and have the option to foresee what's in store.

Professional Learning Communities What They Mean To Teachers Education Essay

Proficient Learning Communities What They Mean To Teachers Education Essay Proficient learning networks (PLCs) have been depicted as structures inside which experts especially educators can refine their abilities, restore their spirits, and grow the extent of their insight (Fogarty Pete, 2006, p. 49). Despite the fact that the advantages are clear, there are various difficulties associated with making and overseeing PLCs. Such difficulties have ordinarily been separated into worries around: (1) discovering time and in any case beating strategic difficulties to training; (2) planning fitting instructing mediations; and (3) amplifying training adequacy. This writing audit will address every one of these ideas by inspecting explicit research headings taken by momentum scholars in the field of expert turn of events, to show the range of action along which training can succeed or come up short. Subsequent to doing as such, the writing audit will likewise talk about more extensive hypothetical and methodological ways to deal with the investigation of training, in cluding examinations of the jobs of: (1) race and other financial elements; (2) hypotheses of inspiration and (3) speculations of hierarchical turn of events. Characterizing and Contextualizing PLCs Thorough meanings of the PLC, and proof based rules for its working, started to show up in the late nineteenth century. In the U.S., the whole undertaking of instructor improvement stepped forward with the presence of various periodicals committed to the subject, including The National Teacher, which appeared in 1870. All things considered, the professionalization of instructing in the U.S. had a lot to do with the rise of a standard strategy for instructor improvement, including the formation of formal PLCs. In the third volume of The National Teacher, distributed in 1873, the accompanying entry showed up: To begin with, at that point, the planned instructor ought to be prepared in the treatment of illustrative material, mechanical assembly, graphs, maps, charts, objects, etc㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦.his practice in them ought to be, for example, will empower him to bring before the eye what can be defectively routed to the ear. This ought to be done, in the principal example, secretly, or within the sight of the individuals from a showing class, subject to their sort yet looking criticismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(Mitchell, 1873, p. 367) This entry is one of the principal inferences, in any event in American sources, to the thought of an expert learning network. It merits arranging the rise of the PLC into the more extensive stream of professionalization and logical reordering of livelihoods in post-Civil War America. Ellis and Hartley (2004) contended that the Civil War, which had activated the countries assets in administration of absolute fighting, had uncovered glaring shortcomings in the association and practice of numerous callings, beginning with the military and reaching out to nursing, educating, and producing. As indicated by Ellis and Hartley, nursing was one of the principal callings to be completely professionalized in the result of the Civil War, however different callings before long followed (p. 133). It is normal to draw the imaginable association between the professionalization of nursing and the professionalization of educating, the two of which were verifiably female practices that, in the wake of the Civil War, were re-lined up with male view of the logical strategy and the professionalization of work. The rise of the learning network can unquestionably be put into this setting of masculinization. Mitchell (1873) himself made a correlation between (to a great extent female) educating and (to a great extent male) medication, to the burden of instructing (p. 362). In Mitchells sentiment, one of the factors that made medication more logical than educating was the way that clinical specialists continually tutored, evaluated, helped, and in any case drew in with each other, while American instructing had not profited by this sort of between professional exchange. From the start, American educational scholars didn't propose that a PLC should exist independently from an instructing school. Or maybe, these scholars thought of the expert learning network as a sort of epiphenomenon of the educating school. For instance, a mysterious essayist recognized distinctly by a city of beginning (New Haven, CT) to the U.S. Agency of Education in 1885 had the accompanying to state about an expert learning network: A couple of focuses, authorized every week and maybe delineated with a class, will raise the instructing forces of the individuals who have not had an expert preparing, and they won't be wearied out by attempting to apply a rough mass of theories.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The participation at such gatherings ought to be deliberate. There ought to be such a tone of intrigue and eagerness in a network as will rouse instructors with a genuine and excited want to know how to work㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦(p. 274) Now in American instructional method, guidance was as yet dispensed by directors (or instructors) to educators, yet there was an acknowledgment that the contribution of the friend network of educators was similarly as critical to instructor advancement as any model of top-down guidance or professionalization. The PLC was now characterized not as a different arrangement of advancement exercises, however as a sort of grassroots fellowship between educators in formal improvement settings. Before long, in any case, the cutting edge meaning of the PLC would rise. It is difficult to state with assurance when the move from the early, deliberate PLC drove by the administrator started to offer path to the more formal, school-oversaw PLC. Apparently the move occurred over the 1930s and started to solidify itself by the 1940s. Otto (1944) offered a clarification of the changing job of the head, and how it fit nearer, school-level administration of the PLC. As indicated by Otto (1944), American optional schools kept on developing in size and intricacy until the director was not, at this point ready to oversee or possess the entirety of the procedures for which the job had recently been capable; consequently, for instance, The developing requirement for more and better oversight of homeroom guidance recommended the attractive quality of arranging the managerial association with the goal that this need could be met (p. 197). There were two phases in the hand-off of PLCs from the administrator to principals; right off the bat, during the 1930s and mid 1940s, office staff related with the director seem to have assumed control over obligation regarding all parts of professional instructor advancement (Otto, 1944, p. 197); in any case, when Otto (1944) was composing, there was at that point another hand-off in progress from focal civil servants to the head. After the Second World War, the chief developed as the figure generally answerable for characterizing, overseeing, and in any case supporting the expert learning network in American schools. Similarly as the Civil War had acquainted thoughts of mechanical association with different livelihoods, the Second World War made labor and asset deficiencies that provoked a quicker change from unified power over educator improvement to a progressively collective, school-level administration of the procedure (Troyer, Allen, and Young, 1946, p. 241). These powers stay especially essentially today. Instructional Coaching and The Four Types of Coaching As indicated by Wilson and Gislason (2009), there are four sorts of training: inward instructing, peer instructing, director performed instructing, and outside instructing (p. 56). As their names propose, peer training is tied in with instructing that is conveyed by associates to one another; director based instructing is conveyed by chiefs (or, in the instructive setting, principals, directors, as well as different chairmen) to instructors; outer instructing is normally performed by advisors; and inside training, on the other hand, incorporates all the sorts of instructing that are given in-house. Each of the four sorts of training have been utilized in the instructional instructing setting. Knight (2005) recorded a rush of recruiting of outside instructional mentors by U.S. state funded schools during the 1990s and first 50% of the 2005, driven by the desperation of accomplishing fundamental perusing and science competency abilities attached to government financing and the observation that schools themselves didn't contain the best possible instructional assets to accomplish this errand. As per Clarkson and Taylor (2005, p. 4), one of the issues made by the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) activity was a push to characterize instructional training as the repetition retention of measures as opposed to a disguise of the educational standards expected to instruct up to those norms. Accordingly, it very well may be contended that outside training turns out to be increasingly mainstream in the midst of outer weight on instructors to perform to a specific norm, while, in standard occasi ons, really academic (as opposed to instrumentalist) inward training is the more typical type of instructional training (Matsumara, Sartoris, Bickel, Garnier 2009). In present day hypothesis, peer training is commended for its populist esteems, however scholars are additionally worried that educators do not have the particular educational foundation and mastery to improve different instructors. For instance, Buly, Coskie, Robinson, and Egawa (2006) have contended that the outside mentor is centered around getting instructors to inquire as to why in an organized manner, while educators are themselves frequently worried about showing other useful and explicit systems. Boundaries in PLCs and Instructional Coaching: Logistics One of the significant difficulties in making instructing mediations for PLCs is basically finding the time and chance to unite occupied experts for devoted learning and preparing. This test is an especially squeezing one in the current financial condition, where such a significant number of working experts are being called upon to do less with additional. Along these lines, as Fogarty and Pete (p. 49) brought up, an astounding spot to start a conversation of expert learning networks is

Friction Experiment: Design and Results

Grating Experiment: Design and Results Investigation 37 Grinding I. Presentation Whatever activity you do whether it is strolling, driving, or when any two surfaces meet there is contact between them. Erosion contradicts the applied power to an article and restricts the movement of an item. In huge numbers of the labs in this course we attempt to limit it or disregard it in the lab, yet it is there. At the point when we utilize the air track, the grating is drastically decreased because of the air pad under the air vehicle so the vehicle remains moving for an all-inclusive timeframe, however it despite everything stops. Or on the other hand on account of a wavering item, we overlook the easing back of the swaying, however it despite everything eases back down and stops. The real reason for grating is perplexing nuclear cooperation in any case, the basic thought of contact is particles scouring against one another, adsorbing vitality from the movement. Erosion is a power; it keeps an item from moving or changes the movement of an article. This lab will cover two kinds of contact, static rubbing and motor erosion. Static rubbing is a power that opposes movement with the goal that the surfaces are not moving comparative with one another. The most extreme measure of power applied to the square, at the moment before the square moves, is alluded to as the greatest static grating power, f S Max. One case of this kind of contact is strolling. When enough power is applied to the framework to defeat the static grinding constrain, it begins to move. At the point when the square is moving against the surface, at that point the grating power is known as the motor grinding power, f k. Active grating shows up when the two surfaces are sliding comparative with one another. One case of this sort of rubbing is pushing a file organizer over the floor. In this lab you will pull a weighted square over the table and measure the power it takes to begin moving the square (only a moment before it moves) and keeping in mind that the square is moving over the table. The powers in this lab are many, the square applies a power on the table, the table applies a power on the square ( fN ). What's more, the earth applies a power on the square (mg) and the square applies a power on the earth. This investigation will think about the room and table as fixed items and in this manner having no quickening power on them, at that point the net power on the fixed square is fnet = 0 (1). The power of the square on the table is equivalent to the power of the square on the earth, weight or mg, mg fN = fNet (2) along these lines mg = fN (3). Figure 1: Diagram of two squares one fixed and one moving. The fixed article is kept down by static division, while the moving item is followed up on by contact and aâ pulling power. The static contact power acts equivalent and inverse to the pulling power, as the pulling power builds the static erosion power increments, bringing about no movement. Once in a while the pulling power will increments and it will surpass the static grating and the square will start to move. The purpose of most extreme power is called greatest static power, f SMax. A perception about static grinding is that most extreme static erosion f SMax is corresponding to the typical power, fN, through a steady  µs, f SMax =  µs fN. (4) The  µs expression is alluded to as the coefficient of static erosion. This implies as the ordinary power ( fN ) expands, the most extreme power expected to move the square increments in a relative sum. The coefficient of static erosion is subject to the two surfaces in contact so various surfaces will have various coefficients of rubbing. A second perception about grating is that erosion is free of the size of the contact region between the two strong surfaces, which implies a similar power spread over various territories despite everything would have a similar power of grinding. Motor grating like static grinding is an impeding power applied on a sliding article in contact with a surface. At the point when the article is sliding with a steady speed the power of erosion is equivalent to the pulling power. It follows a similar condition as static grating however the connection between active rubbing and the typical power has an alternate coefficient. The coefficient is alluded to as the motor coefficient of erosion  µk. fk =  µk fN. (5) Dynamic grinding likewise doesn't change when the surface zone of the two surfaces changes. You will quantify both static and motor rubbing powers in this lab and you should find that the dynamic erosion is typically lower that the most extreme static grinding. II. Gear and Procedure IIa. Gear: Force sensor, square, movement sensor, PC, 750 interface, erosion surface otherwise known as table, string, pulley, loads and weight holder. Figure 2: Equipment arrangement of the erosion analyze. The hanging mass will pull the power sensor with a mass, while the movement sensor will quantify the uprooting of the power sensor. When the hanging mass power surpasses the grating power, the power sensor will move, and the movement sensor will quantify the uprooting. The moving power sensor will have a speed estimated by the PC, and the net power on the power sensor will be estimated. IIb. System: The mass of the square and power sensor should be estimated with the goal that the all out mass of the square/power sensor on the table can be resolved. Snare the movement sensor and the power sensor to the 750 interface box and snare the interface box to the PC. The power sensor is estimating the power applied on the square while the movement sensor will gauge the adjustment in separation of the square. Turn on the PC and 750 interface, start the Data Studio program and make an examination. Select an advanced port and add the movement sensor to the trial. Double tap on the movement sensor to open the settings of the movement sensor, set the recurrence rate to 25 Hz and close the window. Drag the movement sensor symbol in the upper left to the diagram symbol in the lower left. Go to a simple port on the 750 interface box and add the power sensor to the test, double tap on the power sensor to open the sensor settings, set the recurrence to at least 500 Hz. Drag the power sensor symbol in the upper left to the lower left chart symbol. One update is to hit the tare button each time before you run an investigation. This activity resets t he power sensor to zero Newtons before each run. Static Friction Experiment: section one Start the investigation, tare the power sensor. Include the holder and include weight steadily. As you attempt more runs utilize littler masses for your addition. Continue including weight until the square begins to move. When the mass moves, stop the trial. Rehash the analysis multiple times to get a normal esteem and perform standard deviation (SD) on your qualities. Active Friction Experiment: section two Start the investigation, tare the power sensor. Pull the power sensor utilizing the string to make the square move. When the square is moving at a steady speed, this will demonstrate what power is expected to coordinate the motor rubbing. Plot the removal versus time from the movement sensor. Fit the bend to a direct capacity to show that the square has a uniform speed. Rehash the examination multiple times to get a normal esteem and perform SD blunder investigation. Motor Friction Experiment: section three Start the trial and tare the power sensor. Add the mass required to move the square with 100 grams extra. The square will begin to move with a quickening speed, if not include an additional 50 grams until it does. The plot of the position versus time will decide whether the square is quickening. Question: What should the plot look like if the square is quickening? When a run is finished with the square quickening along the table, stop the test. Plot the uprooting versus time from the movement sensor. Fit the bend to a quadratic capacity to discover the increasing speed of the square. Rehash the investigation multiple times to get a normal esteem and perform SD blunder examination. III. Information The chart of the power versus time or decides the greatest estimation of the power. The most extreme power is the static contact power. To some extent two (active erosion), drag the square at a uniform speed. The plot of time versus dislodging will plainly distinguish the direct movement. Utilize a straight equation to fit the bend if fundamental. Measure the power on the square when it is moving. Partially three (motor grinding), drag the square with a quickening constrain and produce a plot time versus dislodging in a diagram. Fit the bend to a quadratic recipe and decide the speeding up of the square. The quickening of the square is utilized to decide the net power on the square. The net power on the square is the distinction between the power of the mass hanging down and the power of erosion keeping it down. One update is the removal of a moving item is identified with the speeding up through condition (6). = (6) IV. Results Figure the coefficient of static grinding of the square, from the power applied on the square and the mass and power of the square on the table. Compute the SD from the qualities acquired in the trial. Ascertain the dynamic grating power from the two distinct techniques. First: figure the active erosion from the steady speed of the moving square. The power need to move the square at a steady speed is equivalent to the motor contact power. Figure the SD from the qualities got in the examination. Second: compute the active grinding contrast from the quickening obstruct from the hanging power and the resultant power on the square. The mass of the square is known and the increasing speed of the square is estimated from the bend fit. The net power on the square would then be able to be resolved. The hanging power is known from mass occasions gravity (mg) and from that the power of active grating can be determined. V. Conversation What are estimations of the static and motor rubbing? Are the two estimations of dynamic contact comparative? Are the motor contact esteems inside the standard deviation? What happens when a sliding item has the pulling fo

Cell Phone History - The Evolution of the Cell Phone :: Expository Essays

Mobile phone History - The Evolution of the Cell Phone Mobile phones have become a piece of standard culture. As of late they have gotten more reasonable and achieve substantially more than making and getting calls. Alongside the developing notoriety there is likewise developing worries about security and wellbeing. In this paper we will address phone history and how they have advanced. We will examine wellbeing concerns, for example, tumors and talking while at the same time driving. At long last, we will discuss the entirety of the innovation that PDAs can achieve, for example, accepting Email and purchasing stocks. History: In 1921 the Detroit Michigan Police Department initially utilized versatile radio in a vehicle. Computerized remote and cell establishes began during the 1940s. During the 1940s new frequencies somewhere in the range of 30 and 40 MHz were accessible. There was an expansion of accessibility in channels which police frameworks were urged to utilize. Versatile units were accessible inside privately owned businesses, people, and open offices. In St. Louis, 1945 the main cell phone framework in the US was presented. Along the thruway between New York and Boston a Public portable framework conveyed more noteworthy recurrence separation in 1947. In 1n 1949, the FFC approved separate radio channels to normal bearers. Another framework was created with programmed divert determination in 1964. With this new framework each call permitted clients to dial for themselves and it killed the need to push-to-talk activity. In 1975, in Chicago, AT&T was approved to build up a cell framework. After this AT&T and Bell labs work with other cell merchants to build up their phones. Their telephones were made so shoppers would have the quality items accessible to use on cell systems. There are numerous reasons why the portable remote has not advanced further over the most recent 60 years, this is a result of carefulness and government guideline. The Federal Communications Commission controlled recurrence accessibility. Their guidelines and lethargy had the most critical elements preventing radiotelephone advancement. The Federal Communication Commission deferred the innovation in America by ten years. Wellbeing: Mind tumors and eye malignant growth are two wellbeing worries of mobile phones that are at present under scrutiny. Numerous individuals have heard bits of gossip about whether mobile phones are liable for these medical issues, however answers never appear to be found.

Paint Work VII

Paint Work VII So I know the entire world has been waiting anxiously for the release of this, my newest blog entry. I hear the Harvard Book Store is even throwing a blog entry opening party, where you can get you picture taken with Sam imitators and giant turkeys and enter a raffle to win a replica of my trademark bunny hat. Dont worry, nobody dies in this entry, regardless of what internet speculation sites have said. Really! Ruths just down in her hometown of Covington GA to see a football game and a free Garbage concert. Well, first, you have to hear about my morning. I got to work at 9:20 this morning because I woke up later than I had expected. I usually dont shower on Thursdays, but I also usually dont go to work with four colors of paint in my hair. Anyway, it wasnt a problem because my grad student Andy is in Switzerland and Im basically doing all his thesis research for him on my own for the next three months, so nobody really noticed. Anyway, Heather immediately informed me that Brian, a grad student in the next lab over, was defending his PhD thesis today and that our whole lab was going up for moral support. My immediate reaction was Ooh! Free bagels! and then my secondary reaction was Oh, but I have to make up organic feed and sparge 55 liters of water and turn on the sandbath preheaters and ooh free bagels! so I shirked responsibility for a few hours and went up to check it out. This is Brian: Over the past five years, Brian explored the molecular modeling of gas hydrates, which are nasty little solid creatures that can plug up gas flow pipelines if any moisture gets into them. Anyway, he gave what I assume was a spectacular thesis defense based on the three facts I know about molecular modeling, and everything seems to be going pretty wellthe grad students are asking easy, directed questions, the professors are smiling, Im eating an egg bagel. It was a good morning. Then this one professor raises his hand and says oh, really excellent presentation, but and then asks Brian to basically derive his entire thesis from first principles and come up with experiments in neutron scattering spectroscopy off the top of his head to test all the modeling he did and basically gives him like five seconds to respond to all these questions combined, and then made Brian admit every mistake he made during his presentation. Well, it turns out that this professor was John Deutch, former director of the CIA, whos famous enough that he has an entry on the NNDB. Apparently he lost a powerbook with government secrets on it during his tenure but then ended up being one of those people pardoned by Clinton during the last 20 minutes of his presidency. Well, for future reference, I think its best to try to avoid putting the former director of the CIA on your thesis committee. I really like Professor Deutchs resumehe has a BA in economics and history and then a BS in chemical engineering. Think about a career change, Mitramaybe you can lead the CIA too. So, I sat three feet behind a former CIA director today. I know its not cool as, say, almost meeting Bruce Campbell, but for some reason I still feel a little exhilirated by it. I mean, he really could have me killed, right? I hope I wasnt chewing too loudly. Alright, heres the results of Ruth and Sams excellent painting adventures. Over the past four nights, weve probably each spent about 15 hours painting and this is what weve got to show for it. Ruths room, a vision in Parisian and Earth Dance. Ruth carefully picked out her colors to contrast these delicate celery curtains. Her room is the biggest on the floor and has three connected windows overlooking the muddy Charles River. My death-defying cabinet-climbing paid off. Now she will stack luggage up here and nobody will ever see it. Entering my room, colored in a bold New Orleans with Mango Tango accents. Mangoes dont grow in New Orleans. Looking to the left in my room. Eventually the bed will be placed in this little alcove so its against the left wall, but this requires precarious manipulation of cinderblocks, which I didnt have available at the time. Looking to the right in my room. This wall will be filled with shelves, which will be filled with books and a talking lion cookie jar, which will be filled with oatmeal raisin. If youre still curious about room-painting, check out Jessies entry on the subject in the East Campus dorms. Im not sure about the policy in all West Campus dorms, but in Burton-Conner the rule is that you can do whatever you want as long as you a) use latex paint b) paint only the walls, not the ceiling c) leave certain bits of shelving in place while you paint d) return the room to off-white before moving out or face a $200 fine Other than that, youre free to do whatever you like to your walls in Burton-Conner. I have the feeling regulations might be a little more strict in other dorms though, with the exception of East Campus, Senior Haus, Random Hall and Bexley, which seem to enforce none of the above, really. But, uh, painting is not easy, you crazy kids. Remember Thomas Hardy: Nothing bears out in practice what it promises incipiently. Post Tagged #Burton-Conner House

Medical Ethics On The Subject Of Life Extension - 825 Words

Medical Ethics On The Subject Of Life Extension (Essay Sample) Content: The History of Life Extension, Proponents and OpponentsName:Institution:Instructor:Date:IntroductionThe search for life extension is not new to us. Before modern times, proponents for life extension were classified into two broad eras (Brad, Jayne Wayne, 2010). From the 16th-18th Century, scientists were intensely involved in prolonging the lives and strength of the elderly; they held that senescence was a moment of substantial worth. From 19th C to the early 20th C, nevertheless, anti-age activists largely described old age as a time to be dreaded and scorned, formulating myriad processes to disregard it completely (Brad, Jayne Wayne, 2010). While having some little similar concepts with the supporters of the early modern age, the modern anti-age movement reflects many of the notions of the life extension activists of a hundred years ago. Both sets not only view old-age as an infection to be eliminated via injections and surgery but also feel that old age comprises of a huge economic load. These perceptions disclose that the new anti-age drive, just like its early 20th C predecessor, is grounded on more than meek hair dyes, hormones, and nutrition.Proponents of LongevityProponents of longevity build their argument on two simple points. The first one is that if something is exceptional, then much of it is healthier than less of it (The New York Times, 2017). Their second argument is that if people desire the ends, they should also desire the means. Their case starts by the remarks that life, as we all acknowledge, is good and that enduring to experience its goodness calls for physical existence. Dead persons fail to appreciate the goodness of human survival. This is the reason why nearly nobody desires to pass away and why almost all attempts of life-saving are advocated. People can agree to take the abstract notion of dying sometime in the future, but when it comes to actual circumstances and prompt decisions, they rarely want to castoff salv age operations and emergency services. Lifesaving and longevity go, nevertheless, hand in hand (Taylor Francis, 2014). An individual whose life is saved from perishing will live to see tomorrow. Equally, an individual whose life is extended will live to see the beauty of tomorrow. This is an indefinite moment in the imminent, though we all have every motive to be certain that an individual would be as hesitant to perish on that moment as he would be to pass away right now. Longevity is also lifesaving, and hence it ought to be regarded just as rescue and emergency care services.Opponents of LongevityOpponents of longevity agree that life, as we all acknowledge, is good. They express, nevertheless, the sweetness of lives contrarily to their rivals and argue that social endurance rather than biological existence is essential to human presence (Camb Q Health Ethics, 2013). Individuals require societies, traditions, and principles to thrive, and societies, backgrounds, and cultures, in turn, require structural steadiness and historical evolution to uphold their liveliness. The steadiness required can just be created by the contemporary generations passing on their customs and roles to their children. If people live forever, they will be unable to pass on their customs and roles they hold in the society to their successors, and this will intrude customs and their connectedness. Considerable longevity is undesirable since it would lead to the eradication of humanity as we all acknowledge (Cryonics Magazine, 2011).Analyzing the two ConceptsBut what would be erroneous with the death of humanity as we all acknowledge it? This is the unavoidable reaction from the proponents of longevity. Yes, it is true, they agree, that with technological advancements and modification in human guiding principles and other ways of life can and will turn out to be history. But new customs will arise, and humans can generate some, and most likely post-human, identities (Rosa, 2013). Peop le tend to imagine that our contemporary lives are improved than the lives of our predecessors since we have independence, consensus, toothpaste, and sanitation. Is there any motive to cling to, then, that post-humans would not choose their lives and leave ours? According to this way of reasoning, stalling development is not an indicator of functional concern but an indicator of irrational fearfulness (Pew Research Center, 2013).What is the actual motive behind longevity? When individuals try to lengthen their earthly survival indeterminately, the ultimate motive appears to be immortality (Gerontol, 2004). But then, protectors of caution feel that the concept of immortality cant be condensed to biological longevity. The aim of life extension is, they argue, eventually a hunt for divine existence, an effort to achieve beyond this-and-now. Academicians and researchers have recognized, as possible objectives for this hunt, accomplishments like flawless love, ultimate knowledge, and spi ritual wholeness (Leigh, 2004). None of them can, yet, be secured solely by staying for several years. This is the reason why challengers of biomedical gerontology strongly argue that our finest (secular) strategy of exceeding our influence into our future is, rather ordinarily, procreation. Bearing kids will empower our genetic heritage to endure even after we have passed away, and raising them up to pick up our ways of longevity will donate to the continual subsistence of our customs. Biologically, longevity would simply affect with the natural sequence of cohorts and their positions in the society and roles.ConclusionIn conclusion, the aim of this essay has been to analyze three perceptions on the essence of life and its longevity, and this has been achieved. The first (more is better) concept affirms that life is a thread of encounters. When these encounters are good, life becomes sweet, and it is necessary to remain in it. Considerable longevity by advances like biomedical gero ntology brings val...

Minimum Wage Laws - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 615 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/05/07 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: Minimum Wage Essay Did you like this example? Minimum wage laws are in place to protect workers from getting exploited, in other words, these laws were put in place to stop companies or businesses from working their employees too hard and paying them too little. So little in fact that sometimes employees have to live off food stamps, or public housing, (like mentioned in your video). But by watching your video and based on my research, I believe, that these laws have not succeeded in preventing exploitation and just simply raising the price will do no good. Some issues with raising the minimum wage is that, companies big or small, who were willing to hire, can’t hire any more employees because of raised wages. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Minimum Wage Laws" essay for you Create order Minimum wage laws were first put in place in 1938, post depression. Under the Fair Labor Standards Act. These laws were created (along with many others) to prevent another possible depression. But in our society today, I believe that our economy is doing just fine. And with already high minimum wages, raising it to upwards of 15 to 20 dollars is outrageous. Partly because raising the minimum wage will not actually help poor people. The reason, according an article on conservativereform.com, states that,†nearly half are under the age of 25, 64 percent have never been married (only 24 percent are married with the spouse present), and the majority work less than 35 hours a week.†, so raising the minimum wage would not actually help poor people. Also you have to take in account that the majority of minimum wage workers are young adults that live in a middle class family, and are looking for some extra money on the side. But, there might be a possible solution to this controversy. Based on a article I read, one of many solutions is for the government to offer training programs. A large portion of the argument to not raising the wage, is that â€Å" if the pay rate of low-skilled and entry-level jobs is too high, workers dont have an incentive to leave these jobs for better opportunities that pay higher wages† (Mathews, work.chiron.com). But with this training it makes possible employees more valuable and less exploitable. Raising the wage is just not the best solution. Another option, which is popular amongst the argument against raising the wage, is to expand on the EITC (Earned Income Tax Credit). Expanding the EITC would mean, Expanding the EITC for childless adults, eliminating the marriage penalty, allowing EITC to be earned on a regular basis instead of one big paycheck the whole year. Right now theses limitations don’t allow for the optimal payment to these people, but by expanding the range, or getting rid of penalties, it would get these people off food stamps. A third option, is to reduce taxes for small businesses. As stated before, if the wage increases, then small businesses couldn’t be able to hire employees, therefore, there would be more people living off food stamps and public housing. But if the government reduces taxes for small businesses, they could hire more, less experienced workers, and give them a chance to get promoted, instead of raising the wage, and laying off more employees. In conclusion, raising the minimum wage has some benefits but, the consequences far outway the benefits. For instance it would only benefit those already working, and even those people might be fired because small businesses couldn’t afford to have so many people and so high wages. Thats why I believe raised wages wont stop exploitation, wont get people off food stamps, and lastly it will only benefit people that are already working, not poor people who need to work and get the money the so desperately need..

The Founding Fathers Since The 19th Century - 1855 Words

The Founding Fathers envisioned a republican America that would protect the freedoms and unalienable rights of each of its citizens. Following the American Revolution, blacks, Native Americans, and other non-white groups hoped that the new American ideals of equality and independence would transcend color, ethnicity, and race. Republicanism, upon which the nation was founded, was shortly proven to be a facade masking the corrupt intentions of the US’s political leaders. The dominant white minority of America strived for westward expansion, and would achieve many gains throughout the 19th century. Often overlooked, the cotton gin was a driving force in westward expansion, the continued brutal treatment and destruction of native peoples, the growth of slave trade, and the advancement of the northern and southern economies. With the increased profitability of cotton, the hope of enslaved blacks for freedom was quickly extinguished and the growing tension between the North and the South hailed the advent of the Civil War. The 1800s, due to the widespread use of the cotton gin and access to new lands through the Louisiana Purchase, would be characterized by an era of corruption and would would affirm the deceptive nature of Thomas Jefferson and the American republican ideals he promoted. During the decades leading up to the American Revolution, the colonies’ political leaders looked for a new system of government to replace Great Britain’s monarchical system, which they viewed asShow MoreRelatedEssay On How Have We Fail1123 Words   |  5 PagesHow Have We Failed America has been failing to live up to the expectations of its founding fathers since the very beginning. 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The problem was that, â€Å"strong propon entsRead More Ronald Takakis Iron Cages: Race and Culture in 19th-Century America1674 Words   |  7 PagesRonald Takakis Iron Cages: Race and Culture in 19th-Century America After America declared its independence from British rule, the founding fathers faced a conundrum: How to build and maintain a successful republican government that was ultimately dependent upon the passions and character of its people. Their solution was to propose the construction of what historians have called iron cages, which were ideological devices intended to deter the corruption and folly that might consume a freeRead MoreWhat Are The Flaws Of The Founding Fathers?1385 Words   |  6 PagesWhat are the flaws of our founding fathers and may have led them to shape our country? There is a group of men of legendary status who are dubbed the â€Å"founding fathers,† often referred to as the creators of our nation. Their faces are dispersed all across America, ranging from coast to coast, with the obelisk of the Washington Monument on the east coast to Mount Rushmore on the north border of the United States to our everyday money; the founding fathers are quite prevalent in our society. AlexanderRead MoreThe History of American Christians 620 Words   |  3 PagesChristians in America have been present since the colonial times. In the late 19th century, they were still thriving in the United States. In the early 20th century they were still involved in the broader American culture, committed to shaping public policy and welcome in political life. But as time continued, evangelicals started to create their own subculture, no longer involving themselves in politics and the rest of the American culture. By mid to late 20th century, evangelicals saw that t he nationRead MoreModernization Of The Chinese Government And Democracy Essay1484 Words   |  6 PagesDemocracy In the past 35 years, China has experienced significant transformation and modernization of its democracy and governance. This modernization process was brought by the death of Mao Zedong, the founding father of the People’s Republic of China and the Chairman of the country’s Communist Party since 1943. Prior to his death, Chairman Mao had started a Cultural Revolution in 1966 in attempts to revive socialism in the country and eliminate capitalistic corruption and bureaucratic inflexibility

Frederic Douglass Essay - 1305 Words

The United States of America is a country that was founded on the basic principles of freedom and liberty. This often leaves it with a reputation as a land full of hope, where anything is possible as long as one is willing to work hard for it. Unfortunately, this idea is not always true. Frederick Douglas, who was born a slave, did not have the privelege of this aforementioned freedom, liberty, and social mobility. Even though he was an exceptionally bright man, he was enslaved and persecuted because of his skin color. His life represents both the failure and success of the American dream, with the failure being the extremely more dominant, because of the color of his skin. amp;#9;The most fundemental of aspect of the American dream is†¦show more content†¦(Quote where he says he felt freedom) Feeling this yearnig from freedom at such a young age shows that being free was a god given right or quot;Law of naturequot;, as Jefferson so eloquently stated in the Declaration of Independence. With all of this is mind it is very clear Douglass being born in to slavery was a deifinite failure of the American Dream. amp;#9;In the Declaration of Independence one of the most famous portions goes as follows: quot;We hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed to certain unailiable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of happiness.quot; This pursuit of happiness is a very important part of the American dream, for it is the result of all the rights that were layed out. By being alloted these rights a person is free to pursue happiness in their life, whatever happiness may be to them. amp;#9;It is very ironic that when Douglass finally got his first taste of freedom he had to be deceptive in sneaking away from his owner, just as the writers of the constution were deceptive in their defintion of quot;manquot;. Once Douglass escaped from slavery he was surprised to find that the north also a very racist place. Not only did the majority of northern whites still feel that blacks were inferiour, New York was full of people looking to turn in fugitive slaves. Frederick also found that his abolitionist friends were not free from this prejudice. At gatheringsShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Life of Frederic Douglass1087 Words   |  5 Pageswhen the start of America was in effect, Fredrick Douglass wrote an autobiography called, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. Frederick Douglass’s was an abolitionist and his impact upon the antislavery movement in America remains his crowning achievement. Although he wasnt a leader of some violent rebellion, his literat ure and renowned public speaking helped solidify his accomplishments towards the abolition of slavery. Fredrick Douglass was so prominent in the 19th century that he advisedRead MoreEssay on Education: Causes Effects584 Words   |  3 Pagesfamilies, social backgrounds, and cultures. This often causes mixed emotions, awkward feelings, and other conflicts. Some of these conflicts are described in works such as quot;Ariaquot; by Richard Rodriguez, and quot;The Right to Writequot; by Frederic Douglass. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;quot;Ariaquot; comes from the biography of Richard Rodriguez, the son of two Mexican immigrants. He describes his struggle to grow up in a primarily white, English-speaking area. As a young child knowing lessRead MoreEvolution of the dichotomy Self and Other Within American History600 Words   |  3 Pages670,673). Jefferson writing shows biases towards African Americans by making the blacks appear as objects that are incapable of thinking, besides of reflecting that they were considered a second class population. â€Å"Narrative of The Life†, by Frederic Douglass, also portrays the power of the whites against the blacks. Douglas shares with more detail one of his experiences of his journal as a slave, when he was under the power of Mr. Covey, in where he witnessed how he used a female slave as a breeder:Read MoreDouglass Example Essay1877 Words   |  8 Pages100 million people, equivalent to 1800s of the total population Africa.    5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Did Southerners treat their slaves well?  Ã‚  They loved to sing.  Ã‚  What was Douglass’  perception about the songs?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Southern  slave owners treated their slaves no good. Most of the slaves worked in the plantation. The slave was born black leaders - Frederic, said in his autobiography, the average person is happy, when the slaves sing songs of grief and sadness. Or sing particularly desolate feeling very warm tone;Read MoreThe Congregation Of Charity Of The Incarnate Word1380 Words   |  6 Pages They were founded in September 1866. Some highlights of the world in the year 1866 included Mary Baker Eddy supposedly curing herself by opening the bible, Jesse James holds up his first bank, Andrew Johnson became our 17th president and Frederic Douglass was the 1st black delegate to attend the National Convention. Texas in 1866 was plagued with disease and poverty. To provide health care for his needy people, Bishop Dubuis went to his native country of France in search of nursing sisters. ThreeRead MoreEssay on Life in the 1850s2199 Words   |  9 PagesRobinson published Seeing the Elephant. Josiah Gregg, explorer and author of Commerce of the Prairies, died. James Wilkins created intense excitement when he exhibited his Moving Mirror of the Overland Trail in Peoria, Illinois. Frederic Church painted Twilight, Short Arbiter Twixt Day and Night, an epic landscape that suggested the grandeur of the American West. In 1851, Dame Shirley (Louise Amelia Knapp Smith Clappe) began publishing The Shirley Letters, vividRead More Performance Practice of Baroque Vocal Technique Essay3387 Words   |  14 PagesInterpretation of Music. Harper Row, 1963. 51-52. Classical Vocal Technique. [17 Oct. 2003] Glover, Jane. What is Baroque Music? Answer 3: A Fusion of Sound and Setting. Music of the Baroque. n.dat. n.pag. [17 Oct. 2003] . Handel, George Frederic. Ah! Spietato! 45 Arias from Operas and Oratorios for Voice and Piano, High Voice. Ed. Sergius Kagen. vol. 1. New York: International Music Company, 1959. 26-29. Jones, David L. Specific Issues Concerning the Professional Baroque Singer. 2003Read MorePre-Columbian Period9302 Words   |  38 Pagesvoyage. In the 15th century, Europeans brought horses, cattle, and hogs to the Americas and, in turn, took back to Europe corn, potatoes, tobacco, beans, and squash.[11] [edit] Spanish colonization Coronado Sets Out to the North (1540) by Frederic Remington, oil on canvas, 1905.See also: New Spain Spanish explorers came to what is now the United States beginning with Christopher Columbus second expedition, which reached Puerto Rico on November 19, 1493.[12] The first confirmed landing inRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesCulture of Cities (Oxford: Blackwell). READERS Fyfe, Nicholas R., and Judith T. Kenny, eds. 2005. The Urban Geography Reader (New York: Routledge). Graham, Stephen, ed. 2004. The Cybercities Reader (New York: Routledge). LeGates, Richard, and Frederic Stout, eds. 2003. The City Reader, 3rd ed. (New York: Routledge). Miles, Malcolm, and Tim Hall, with Iain Borden. 2004. The City Cultures Reader, 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge). Sennett, Richard, ed. 1969. Classic Essays on the Culture of Cities

Analysis Of The Book Disgrace By J.m Coetzee - 968 Words

J.M Coetzee is a distinguished author who has written over sixteen novels and has even won a nobel prize for his inspiring work. Coetzee is best known for his controversial novel Disgrace. A story that captivates its readers and keeps them on their toes. The setting takes place in South Africa during the post apartheid era. A time where people were divided into races and whites held power over the minority. The protagonist David Lurie is a college professor who lives a promiscuous double life. Sleeps with different women, but never feels nothing more than a physical connection towards them. David finally gets the sparks he’s been waiting for after he begins a sexual relationship with one of his students. The relationship between David and the student quickly expires after her boyfriend finds out, as a result; the student has no choice but to report her teacher for sexual harassment. After David is reported, he tries to plea for forgiveness at an school council meeting. The boa rd decides to fire David for inappropriate conduct and forces him to flea the country. He finds refuge with his daughter Lucy who has been living on a farm by herself. David see’s this downfall as an opportunity to mend a broken relationship, but things only get worse when rapists break in their home and impregnate Lucy. David sustains serious injuries as an result of the attack, and the relationship between the father and daughter is salvaged. The plot thickens when Lucy decides to keep the child andShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book Disgrace 1108 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of Disgrace by J.M. Coetzee In J.M. Coetzee’s 1999 novel â€Å"Disgrace† we can see the life of a father and a daughter who both go through life changing events. While the father, David Lurie, is accused of rape because of sleeping with a student, his daughter Lucie Lurie is actually raped by three black men. The setting of this book is in post-apartheid South Africa, where we can see that the problem this setting faces is how blacks and white can live together. In this book there is the use

Mass-elite theorists and subcultures Free Essays

Academic writing is usually best when it takes a dispassionate attitude to its subject; when it reviews the several contesting scholarly opinions around a question, before judging the value of each of them. But sometimes a writer is given a question that allows him to write destructive criticism, and to champion the merits of one argument only. This present question is such a question. We will write a custom essay sample on Mass-elite theorists and subcultures or any similar topic only for you Order Now If one takes a supercilious attitude towards it then he might expel it at once by arguing that neither Matthew Arnold nor F. R. Leavis – men who sought the promotion of culture through the study of high literature and the reform of education – would have descended at all to study the subcultures of Goths and Trekkers. These groups have produced no serious literature and they have done little to reform education. And so one can easily cement such a fierce attitude into a strong essay – though one that would sadly be very short and unmarkable! If instant dismissal is not appropriate, then a writer who has studied Arnold’s and Leavis’s definitions of culture can argue ceaselessly that neither man would have thought Goths and Trekkers a positive development for culture. A short statement about definition. There are of course manifold definitions of culture. Many recent writers define culture in terms of mass-culture, within which all groups and subcultures belong. If culture is defined like this then Goths and Trekkers are both part of culture and can be said to expand culture by pushing it wider and making it more diverse. Arguments like this are possible; but they are not possible for our present question. In this essay one has to measure these groups against the definitions of Leavis and Arnold only; and leave aside the merits of any modern definitions. Let us then examine the definition of Leavis and Arnold. Matthew Arnold famously defined culture as to ‘†¦ know the best that has been said and thought in the world’. Someone who is cultured has learnt to perceive beauty, perfection, truth and justice through literature and art. In Culture and Anarchy and Essays in Criticism Arnold argues that culture is centered upon education: thus the expansion of culture is possible only if it is accompanied by an equal expansion of education. So: somebody who is highly cultured is also highly educated. F.R.  Leavis had a very similar definition of culture. Leavis argued even more explicitly than Arnold that there is an unbreakable bond between knowledge of the humanities and the acquisition of culture. As G. Steiner says ‘The commanding axiom in Leavis’s life-work is the conviction that there is a close relation between a man’s capacity to respond to art and his general fitness for humane existence.’ Despite the esoteric sound of these words they do say something vital about culture. The key word is humane. Someone who has studied great works of literature tends to have better judgment and is kinder to his fellow man than people who have not. Leavis says ‘†¦ thinking about cultural and social matters ought to be done by minds of some real literary education, and done in an intellectual climate formed by a vital literacy culture’. In short: a healthy culture and society depends upon a large number of its citizens studying and thinking about the classics. Leavis famously defined these arguments in his controversial Richmond Lecture – should we say polemic? – against C. P. Snow. The lecture is Leavis’s proposal for the future of culture in England. Leavis wanted a small, economically weaker England that would be highly literate and cultured — instead of a huge commercialized and capitalistic society that would be less literate. Thus we see in Leavis, as in Arnold, a definition of culture as a society that knows intimately great works of art. According to this definition, any group that progresses culture must go beyond the culture that has gone before. Do Goths and Trekkers then add to what we can learn from Homer, Shakespeare and the Bible? (This is a fair question if measured by the definition above). The answer must be no. The Goth and Trekker subcultures have not produced one serious piece of literature or music; even if one stretches Star Trek into some definition of art, the movies and show are not the invention of Trekkers, but the object of their devotion. Goths claim to have a passion for literature; but this passion has not created any literature of their own. Likewise – even though it is not one of their aims – neither of these groups has done anything to reform education or our universities. We cannot study Goth culture from its literature, because there is not any. But we can examine some of the statements of Goth members to see whether there is any sign of culture as defined by Leavis and Arnold. The following article called ‘A Short Treatise on Goth subculture’ is taken from the internet. The author, Chameleon, says that Goths are defined by ‘a morbid sense of humor’, ‘appreciation of the darker side of life’, ‘tolerance of lifestyles considered weird by the masses’ and an ‘apolitical attitude towards society’. Rus Haslage, the President of the International Federation of Trekkers, says that the philosophy of trekkers is that ‘†¦everyone is different, and it is those differences that make us special. And, it is those differences that make meshing our sparks even more beneficial to us all.’ In both these statements the common feature is vagueness of meaning and purpose. Goths and Trekkers feel some solidarity with each other in their interest in the ways of the Goth or Star Trek; but there is no clear or precise thought about the identity and purpose of these groups. To be fair to each group neither claims to add to the wisdom that the great works of literature and art that the West has accumulated; but, if we judge this admission of non-achievement strictly according to the definition of Leavis and Arnold, then the existence of such groups has either no effect or a regressive effect upon culture. Bibliography Books: P. Hodkins,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Goth: Identity, Style and Subculture M. Arnold,     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Culture and Anarchy M.Arnold,  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Essays in Criticism H. Jenkins III, Star Trek Rerun, Reread, Rewritten: Fan Writing as Textual Poaching F.R. Leavis,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Mass Civilization and Minority Culture, (1930) F.R. Leavis,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Nor Shall My Sword: Discourses on Pluralism, Compassion and Social Hope (1972) G. Steiner,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Language and Silence, Faber and Faber, 1967 Websites: www.iftcommand.com www.religioustolerance.org How to cite Mass-elite theorists and subcultures, Essay examples

Beautiful Boy Application free essay sample

He kept experimenting with more drugs and finally Crystal Meth. To be honest I think that he may have never developed the full capacity for formal reasoning. He also had a lot of different environmental and cultural influences that had a huge impact on him. Certain things would lead him towards the path of drugs, and he couldn’t reason to himself differently. â€Å"Now I am in my own program to recover from my addiction to [Nic’s addiction]† (p. 305). I feel like that is a good example of how â€Å"logical† his reasoning really is. 2. Apply the concepts of Erikson Theory to Nic’s Development. At age 4 Nic’s parents got divorced. That was during the Preschool stage, where the conflict is Initiative vs. Guilt. In this stage children need to begin asserting control and power over their environment. Nic was doing well in this stage and the school age stage as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Beautiful Boy Application or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page His grades well good, he had friends and was active and involved in sports. His father thought that Nic was coping well because he was doing so well in school and playing sports. â€Å"Nic was excelling in school and I could have been happier. (30) However related to Preschool stage – Nic was able to control his grades, and his activities therefore he was about to successfully show his power. However, at age 12 Nic’s father found pot in Nic’s back pack. This is the adolescence stage where the conflict is Identity vs. Role Confusion. This is where teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. Success leads to an ability to stay true to yourself, while failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self. Well Nic was not successful and true to himself because by the age 18 he had experimented with many other drugs and was on looking towards Crystal Meth. At this point, he has lost his true identity and is going off track. Going into his Young Adulthood he was already strong on Meth. He became more and more into the drug; everyday losing more of himself and hurting his family. The vicious cycle never seemed to end. 3. Apply Family Systems theory to the Sheff family. What concepts are evident in their interactions? â€Å"We are dysfunctional†¦Im not sure if I know any functional families, if functional means a family without difficult times and members who dont have a full range of problems. (14) The Sheff family was dysfunctional, but also considering all the challenged and obstacles they went through with Nic that can cause a strain, which would certainly not result in normal functional family. And I would have to agree with David – I don’t know if I know any â€Å"functional families. † Nic certainly was the most difficult member in the family. Calls to the hospitals and long nights wondering if Nic was OK are things his dad became very familiar with. When Nic was on the street, his dad would drive around looking for him, hoping to find him and get him help. That would cause strain on any family. His father tried to instill family roles and family rules and boundaries; however Nic would always end up on his own path –Crystal Meth. The family roles were very unclear. Did anybody even really know the real Nic? (probably not) Also, there was really never any consistency in the family. I mean the father would try his best but things always would get off track when it came to Nic and Meth. What was consistent was the â€Å"typical behaviors† and â€Å"the way it is† that the family became accustom too. Nic’s lie, stealing, and using. To me it seemed like the family was slowly disconnecting. Families are systems of interconnected and interdependent individuals; none can be understood when isolated from the family. â€Å"(pp) 4. What characteristics of resilience do you see in Nic? * He valued learning and he had excelled at writing. * I believe that he did have positive relationships with caring adults when he was in the right state of mind. * He also d id have problem solving skills. â€Å"Now I am in my own program to recover from my addiction to [Nic’s addiction]† (p. 305). He did not always make the best choice but when not on meth he could. * He did like to help others – especially his family when he was on the right path.

Dehumanization of the Jewish People in Night free essay sample

In Elie Wiesel’s Night, imagery is employed to show the dehumanization of the Jewish people by the Nazis as the Jews develop the â€Å"survival of the fittest† mentality, and as Eliezer looses the ability to express emotions. Wiesel uses imagery of the Jews’ â€Å"survival of the fittest† mentality to show the dehumanization of the Jews who are forced to endure treacherous conditions in the concentration camps. The enslaved Jews experience the worst forms of inhumane treatment. Pushed beyond their ability to deal with the oppressing starvation, cold, disease, exhaustion, and cruelty, the Jews lose their sanity and morality. Thus, Wiesel refers to the Jews as, â€Å"wild beasts of prey with animal hatred in their eyes; an extraordinary vitality had seized them, sharpening their teeth and nails. Men threw themselves on top of each other, stamping on each other, biting each other (Pg. 5 old book)†. This alteration of the Jews’ morality and character can only be credited to the dehumanization that they receive, not to the weakness of their spirit. We will write a custom essay sample on Dehumanization of the Jewish People in Night or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The flock of hungry men clawing for food represents the selfish, animal-like, survival of the fittest mentality that replaces their normal human behavior. The Nazis purposely fail to provide the Jews with sufficient provisions, and as a result, the Jews are reduced to behave like beasts. The Jews, who once resolved that the only way to survive was to help one another, have since resolved that it is every-man-for-himself. Their wish to fulfill the needs that had been deprived from them is so strong, that they are even willing to go as far as to fight one another, to the death, for a small ration of bread. This selfish attitude of the Jews is even reflected by their young when their â€Å"sons abandoned their father’s remains without a tear. † (Pg. 87 old book) Rabbi Eliahous son feels that his father is growing weak. Therefore, he believes that the end is near for his father and he wants to detach him in order to get rid of the burden; he wants to free himself from a burden which could lower his own chances of survival. This supreme act of selfishness, as said before, can only be accredited to the dehumanization from the Nazis, rather than the naive young boy. Even though it is inhumane, this selfish behavior seems to be the only way to survive when confronted with such extreme conditions that the Jews were made to endure. Wiesel also uses imagery, of Eliezer loosing the ability to express motion, to show the dehumanization of Eliezer and the other Jews who are led to undergo drastic emotional changes. Unfortunately, the Jews suffer tremendous difficulties in the concentration camps. The torture that the enslaved Jews experience has obvious physical effects, but it also has mental changes on them. The events that have taken place at the concentration camps has shaken Eliezer so much, that at the sight of his stricken father, he replies, â€Å"My father had just been struck, before my eyes, and I had not flickered an eyelid. I had looked on and said nothing. † (Pg. 37 old book) After the Kapo beats his father to the ground for asking permission to use the bathroom, Elieizer is surprised at himself because he is incapable of doing so much as lifting a finger or saying anything in his fathers defense. Like the other Jews, he is dehumanized with his main concern becoming self-preservation. Thus, Eliezer looses his compassion for others, including his father. When his father dies due to dysentery, Eliezer states, â€Å"I did not weep and it pained me that I could not weep. But I had no more tears. † (Pg 106 old book) Eliezer, who has faced many trials and tribulations, is not saddened by the death of his own father. The frequent deaths in the camps had numbed his feelings and stripped him of the ability to express emotion, which is a characteristic distinguishable by humans. Deprived of his emotions, Eliezer seems less of a human, and more of a beast. The tenderhearted boy, who once wept while praying, cannot shed a tear over his father’s dead body; he changes a good deal throughout the story, becoming hardhearted. The lessening of his humanity to a selfish beastly spirit, wanting to live only for himself, demonstrates the dehumanization of the Jews. They learn to save their lives at any cost, even in the face of death inflicted on a parent. Wiesel employs the use of horrid images of the Jews, developing the selfish, beastly â€Å"survival of the fittest† mentality, and of Eliezer loosing his ability to express emotions due to the trauma he experiences in his time at the camps, to show the dehumanization of the Jewish people by the Nazis.

Free Essays on Pearl Of The Scarlet Letter

Pearl, the living symbol of Hester’s sin of adultery is a very complex character. She is present in almost every scene with Hester, rarely by her side. However her character remains somewhat in the shadows at all times. She is difficult to understand, she is passionate and wild, and she does not obey any rules but those she wishes to. Her moods seem to change quickly, at times she seems as if she were put on earth to torment her mother for her acts of adultery. At other times she is sweet and loving of her mother. Pearl is said to â€Å"react according to her particular feeling of the moment† possibly paralleling the passion of her mother and Dimmesdale. Hester describes Pearl as a â€Å" face, fiend-like, full of smiling malice† I do not know if she sees Pearl as evil or possessed or rather just as wild and free. The people of the village sometimes refer to her in comparison to the devil, for she throws rocks at their children, says crazy things and had an awful temper. The townspeople also look down upon Pearl because she is a child of sin, the product of adultery and they outcast her as much as Hester. Although many people see an evil in Pearl God and nature seem to see something different. Pearl is described as beautiful and intelligent. She plays happily as most children do with much physical grace. She seems to fit perfectly in the forest where her wildness can run free; her nature is at one in the woods. As she runs, the light that her mother so desperately seeks follows her, shining upon her. The light may be a sign from God that the child is not tarnished for her mother’s sins, that she is good and pure although she may seem like a savage. Pearl becomes more human in the last chapters of the book. She has a yearning for Dimmesdale to acknowledge she and her mother in public, showing that she cares about him to some extent. This hypothesis is proven in the final chapter when she kisses Dimme... Free Essays on Pearl Of The Scarlet Letter Free Essays on Pearl Of The Scarlet Letter Pearl, the living symbol of Hester’s sin of adultery is a very complex character. She is present in almost every scene with Hester, rarely by her side. However her character remains somewhat in the shadows at all times. She is difficult to understand, she is passionate and wild, and she does not obey any rules but those she wishes to. Her moods seem to change quickly, at times she seems as if she were put on earth to torment her mother for her acts of adultery. At other times she is sweet and loving of her mother. Pearl is said to â€Å"react according to her particular feeling of the moment† possibly paralleling the passion of her mother and Dimmesdale. Hester describes Pearl as a â€Å" face, fiend-like, full of smiling malice† I do not know if she sees Pearl as evil or possessed or rather just as wild and free. The people of the village sometimes refer to her in comparison to the devil, for she throws rocks at their children, says crazy things and had an awful temper. The townspeople also look down upon Pearl because she is a child of sin, the product of adultery and they outcast her as much as Hester. Although many people see an evil in Pearl God and nature seem to see something different. Pearl is described as beautiful and intelligent. She plays happily as most children do with much physical grace. She seems to fit perfectly in the forest where her wildness can run free; her nature is at one in the woods. As she runs, the light that her mother so desperately seeks follows her, shining upon her. The light may be a sign from God that the child is not tarnished for her mother’s sins, that she is good and pure although she may seem like a savage. Pearl becomes more human in the last chapters of the book. She has a yearning for Dimmesdale to acknowledge she and her mother in public, showing that she cares about him to some extent. This hypothesis is proven in the final chapter when she kisses Dimme...

How to Distinguish Female Lobsters From Males

How to Distinguish Female Lobsters From Males Want to know the sex of a lobster you have caught or are about to eat? Here are several ways to tell: Lobster Anatomy Lobsters have feathery appendages called swimmerets, or pleopods, underneath their tails. These swimmerets help a lobster swim and are also where a female lobster  (sometimes called a hen)  carries her eggs. Swimmerets also can clue you in to the sex of a lobster. The first pair of swimmerets (the pair closest to the head) just behind the walking legs point up toward the head. They are thin, feathery, and soft on a female  but hard and bony on a male. Also, the female has a rectangular shield between her second pair of walking legs, which she uses to store sperm after mating with a male. This is where the male inserts those hard swimmerets during mating, releasing sperm that the female stores. When its time to release her eggs, they flow past the sperm and are fertilized. The female stores these eggs under her abdomen (tail) for 10 to 11 months.   Because they carry eggs, females tend to have a wider tail than males. Females carrying fertilized eggs arent usually harvested, but inside a female lobster you might find unfertilized eggs, or roe. They are green when fresh and bright red after the lobster is cooked. (They are also called coral because of the color.) These can be eaten.  Females can carry up to 80,000 eggs at one time.   Courting Ritual Despite their ferocious appearance, lobsters have a complex courtship ritual that is often described as touching.  Males and females mate after the female molts. The males live in caves or dens, and as her molting time draws near, a female visits the dens and wafts a pheromone toward the male via her urine, which is released from openings near her antennae. The male energetically beats his swimmerets. Over a few days, the female approaches the den and checks out the male. They eventually initiate a mock boxing match and the female enters the den. During molting the female is vulnerable- she is very soft and takes at least half an hour to be able to stand- so the male protects her. At this point the male rolls the female over onto her back and transfers the sperm packet, or spermatophore, to the females seminal receptacle. The female holds her eggs until she is ready to fertilize them.   Spiny Lobster Sexing Spiny lobsters (rock lobsters) are usually sold as tails, rather than live, so you might not get a chance to try out your lobster sexing skills at a market that sells spiny lobsters.  However, these lobsters also can be sexed using the swimmerets on the underside of their tails.   In females, the swimmerets on one side might overlap those on the other. You might also see a dark patch, where the spermatophore is located at the base of her last pair of walking legs. They might also have claw-shaped pincers at the end of their fifth pair of walking legs that help hold the eggs.  Roe mmight be found inside whole spiny lobsters. Sources: Lobsters, Gulf of Maine Research Institute Lobster 101: Reproduction and Life Cycle, Maine Lobstermens Community AllianceHow to Determine the Sex of Regulated Invertebrates, State of Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resources Lobster Biology, The Lobster Conservancy

The Causes and Impact of the Mfecane in South Africa Essay

The Causes and Impact of the Mfecane in South Africa - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that Mfecane took place as a result of nation-building that was aggressively done by the Zulu lead by Shaka and the Ndebele of Mzilikazi. Mfecane is sometimes referred to as the war of wondering and it accompanied the rise of the Zulu people. The war was highly concentrated at Drakensberg Mountains, along the river Limpopo, and between the Kalahari Desert. This paper illustrates that there were geographical barriers that made people unable to expand towards the west-eastern part, contributing to a rise in population hence people engaged in war in order to secure land. Indian Ocean waters and the Drakensberg Mountains were the key geographical features that complicated the lives of people living in this region. Mfecane was caused by the war between the tribes of Mthethwa and Ndwandwe who were expanding their territories at the expenses of their neighbors who were weak. These led to warfare that became frequent and severe as people fought for l and. The increased inequality that was witnessed between communities and environmental crisis led to competition for natural resources and trade on South Africa leading to violent struggles for survival. There was a shortage of land and many people at that time migrated to that area because it was fertile and convenient for farming activities. The high population growth caused a lot of population pressure lead to various tribal expansions, which led to the emergence of unity amongst the Bantus that occupied that place. During the 18th century, there was the presence of the Portuguese at the east coast of Delagoa who participated in long-distance trade. There was a rise in the desire to control the trade amongst people who were in the region and as a result, the Nguni tribe launched attacks to other communities with an aim of controlling the trade. The Portuguese, on the other hand, wanted to carry out the trade with groups that were organized and had powerful leaders. The creation o f Zulu state displaced hundreds of people who fled in different directions in order to establish themselves. The Zulu nation was rapidly rising during that time, and its effect was the presence of the intensification of Mfecane war by the Shaka even though Mfecane war began way before Shaka was officially inaugurated as the chief of the Zulu. Shaka’s leadership later intensified the war because of his zealous interest in wars, and he was able to defeat other tribes. The idea of having a growing domain of terror was touted by speculators who wanted imperial military backing in order to secure future land. Cape Whites were expanded at the end of the 1st century because the whites wanted more land at the eastern side, and their expansion created a shortage of land while the population was increasing hence worsening the land issue. The three powerful groups that emerged and rose up at that time fighting each other; Zwide group was responsible for sparking the war with its rivals Sobhuza, and later Ndwandwe joined the war. Most communities had at that time spread at the countryside and moved across the frontier, dividing themselves to settle in concentrated places. Americans introduced corn through the Portuguese in Mozambique, and this significantly contributed to the communities’ settlement in the region. This is because corn ensured there was plenty of food as compared to indigenous grasses thus it was able to sustain a larger population. At the end of 18th century, the possibility of people moving from the region became limited, and the shortage of land was experienced.  Most Bantu farmers in the region had reached the margins of arable land that was at the edge of Kalahari Desert; it was also difficult to access water from this region.

Design description Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Design description - Essay Example A spanner or wrench is a hand tool used to provide grip and mechanical advantage in applying torque to turn objects such as nuts and bolts. The figures below show the designs and the explanations thereunder. In the original design shown in the above diagrams, the design is shown in figure 1 (a) and the stress distribution in figure 1 (b). Stress is concentrated around the grip edges, and at the ring end of the wrench. There is also concentration of von misses stress along the axis of the wrench. From the figure 1 (b), the red color shows regions that are heavily stressed whereas the blue color indicates regions with minimal stress. From the summary at the top left the same figure indicates the extent to which the von misses stresses are distributed within the wrench body. In the modified design, shown in the diagram above, the over stressing of the same region is eliminated. Stress is redistributed and is only excess at the collar of the wrench. In this design, stress has been managed well and is uniform almost throughout the entire figure. The contours show the von misses stress

Imaging Hypoxia in Glioblastoma Multiforme with PET

Imaging Hypoxia in Glioblastoma Multiforme with PET Hypoxia plays a crucial role in the progression of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) promoting angiogenesis, genetic mutations, switch to a more aggressive behaviour and ote important consequences. Many diagnostic methods have been investigated and today PET and MRI appear to be the more attractive for the evaluation of the heterogeneous hypoxia in GBM.(Mendichovszky and Jackson 2011, Vartanian, Singh et al. 2014) Hirata first documented the utility of hypoxic tracers ([18F]FMISO in this study) in patients with differentiating GBM from lower grade gliomas based on the level of tumour hypoxia.(Hirata, Terasaka et al. 2012) Hypoxia assessment by PET imaging seems to provide complementary information to MRI within the complex relationship existing between hypoxia and angiogenesis in GBM. This was confirmed in a study of Swanson et al, where the authors documented a strong correlation between the hypoxic burden, determined with [18F]FMISO, and altered vasculature documented on gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted MRI sequences.(Swanson, Chakraborty et al. 2009) As for other tumours, the prognostic capability of [18F]FMISO has been confirmed also in GBM, in a study evaluating the correlation between hypoxic volume, intensity of hypoxia an survival in 22 patients with GBM who underwent PET scan before biopsy or between resection and radiation therapy (RT).(Spence, Muzi et al. 2008) The heterogeneous distribution of hypoxia within GBM cannot be fully investigated by [18F]FMISO PET imaging, but the tumour–blood ratio provide acceptable data on the different levels of hypoxia within the tumour.(Padhani, Krohn et al. 2007) [18F]FAZA is another radiotracer tracer, which has showed promising results. The biggest study ever published, evaluating the utility of [18F]FAZA in 50 patients with different types of tumours, documented increased uptake of the tracer in all gliomas, with a tumour-to-background (T/B) ratio range of 1.9-15.6, which is higher compared to that of [18F]FMISO.(Postema, McEwan et al. 2009) However, as already said most of literature on the use of [18F]FAZA in the brain is based in preclinical setting (see Tab.X) According to the group of Wiebe, one important point in favour of [18F]FAZA for the evaluation of hypoxia in brain tumours is the absence of uptake in normal brain tissue, while [18F]FMISO shows, although limited, non-specific uptake in the brain.(Wiebe 2004) Recently, also Belloli and colleagues investigated the combined use of [18F]FAZA and [18F]FDG PET and MRI to follow the biological modification of specific line of glioma cells during the tumour progression in animal models of GBM (rats with implanted glioma F98 cells). The authors observed that [18F]FAZA and [18F]FDG were taken up respectively in the core and in external areas of the tumoyr, with partial overlap and remodelling during disease progression, suggesting that necrotic regions, defined on the basis of [18F]FDG uptake reduction, may include hypoxic clusters of vital tumour tissue identified with 18F]FAZA.(Belloli, Brioschi et al. 2013) BOLD-MRI is an advance MRI technique, particulary suitable for the evaluation of hypoxia, which evaluate the changes in oxygen concentration and ratio between oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin within vessels. In contrast to oxyhaemoglobin, deoxyhaemoglobin is paramagnetic and determines an increase of transverse relaxation rate (R2*) of water in blood and surrounding tissues.(Mendichovszky and Jackson 2011) Unfortunately BOLD-MRI signal is sensible also to other tissue factors, such as blood flow, carbon dioxide tension, haematocrit, pH. Decoupling the effects of flow from deoxyhaemoglobin and static components it is essential to measure R2* and be obtained using multi-echo GRE sequences.(Padhani, Krohn et al. 2007) T1-weighted oxygen-enhanced MRI (OE-MRI) has been proposed as an alternative imaging technique for the evaluation of hypoxia.(Zaharchuk, Busse et al. 2006) Dissolved oxygen in blood and plasma influences MRI signal by increasing the longitudinal relaxation rate of protons (R1). OE-MRI has already been employed in the evaluation of oxygen in healthy tissues and in tumours, but not in the evaluation of hypoxia in GBM, except in a preclinical study by Linnik et al. (Linnik, Scott et al. 2014) In an animal study, Wu et al. used a mechanically ventilation with 100% oxygen at the rate of 8 l/min to investigate hypoxia in brain of rats and showed close agreement between R2* and R1 changes in white and grey matter in response to oxygen inhalation.(Wu, Gao et al. 2012) In the study of Wu and colleagues, the T1 values decreased prominently in the cortical grey matter but also, with a lower extent, in the subcortical gray matter and in white matter, where the decrease was the least significant. Instead the T2 values showed an increase in response to the oxygen inhalation in all the regions examined in the following order: white matter>subcortical gray matter>cortical gray matter. Similarly, the T2* values increased with more evident change in the cortical gray matte and white matter and with a less extent in subcortical gray matter.(Wu, Gao et al. 2012) These observations support the use of oxygen-enhanced imaging as a biomarker for tumour oxygenation, although the relationship between the signal changes resulting from variations in dissolved oxygen pressure and true tumour hypoxaemia remain to be elucidated. DCE-MRI, using contrast agents of low molecular weight, has been proposed as an additional MRI method for identification and quantification of hypoxia in some types of tumour and some authors successfully demonstrated a correlation between perfusion parameters to oxygen tension. (Ceelen, Smeets et al. 2006) DCE-MRI parameters have been demonstrated also to indicate preoperatively areas with high hypoxia in glioma patients.In particularly Jensen et al. demonstrated that capillary transit time (tc) correlated with HIF-1 expression and VEGF expression in the histopathological examination of corresponding of active tumour regions. Other parameters, blood volume (Vb), capillary heterogeneity (a-1) and kep (washout rate) also showed a correlation with biomarkers of hypoxia.(Jensen, Mumert et al. 2014) O’ Connor, in a study evaluating ten patients with solid tumours, proposed that DCE may provide complementary information to OE-MRI regarding the tumour microenvironment, estimating lo cal perfusion and extracellular–extravascular volume,(OConnor, Naish et al. 2009) Subsequently, Linnik et al. validated the measurement of hypoxia validated OE-MRI using a murine glioma xenograft with histopathological confirmation. The study involved 5 patients, who underwent the same imaging protocol of the rats: OE-MRI and DCE-MRI and histological confirmation with reduced pimonidazole adducts and CD31 staining. Furthermore, the area under the curve (AUC) was also calculated for the R1 curve for OE-MRI and the gadolinium concentration curve for DCE-MRI. Whereas DCE-MRI did not relate to hypoxia in the xenograft model, the authors found a strong correlation between estimation of hypoxia by means OE-MRI and histology results, supporting further research to validate also the utility of OE-MRI in the evaluation of response to therapy and prediction of prognosis (Fig.).(Linnik, Scott et al. 2014) DWI-MRI instead has been used to clarify the mechanism of action of bevacizumab role, scanning patients with recurrent GBM before and after treatment with bevacizumab.(Rieger, Bahr et al. 2010) The mechanism of action of bevacizumab is still matter of debate. It is thought to produce damage to the endothelial cells, decreasing transport of nutrients and oxygen to the tumour cells,(Field, Jordan et al. 2014) but recently, it has been postulated an alternative theory: antiangiogenic therapy could stimulate a â€Å"vascular normalization†, which would allow improved chemotherapy delivery and radiation effects through enhanced oxygen delivery.(Jain 2005) The study showed that bevacizumab induced stroke-like lesions with diffusion restriction and corresponding ADC decrease in 13 out of 18 patients enrolled in the study. A biopsy, performed in ADC-decreased lesion in one patient, demonstrated and nuclear hypoxia with HIF-1ÃŽ ± up-regulation atypical necrosis but no tumour recurrence , supporting the hypothesis that bevacizumab-increases hypoxia in the tumour bed, expecially in case of prolonged treatment. Furthermore the imaging analysis revealed that regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV) were decreased in responders with diffusion restricted lesions.(Rieger, Bahr et al. 2010) Recently the effect of anti-angiogenic therapy has been investigated by a new technique, called vessel architectural imaging (VAI) which analyses the temporal shift in the MR signal estimating the vessel calibre and provides additional information about the microcirculation and oxygen saturation levels. From preliminary investigations, VAI seems to be a reliable MRI method to demonstrate the effect of anti-angiogenic therapy.(Emblem, Mouridsen et al. 2013) Other authors suggested AVOL, a measure of arteriovenous overlap (voxels with both arteriosus and venous perfusion characteristics), as index of abnormal tumour microvasculature and as indicator o f bevacizumab therapy efficacy.(LaViolette, Cohen et al. 2013) Barajas and colleagues (Barajas, Phillips et al. 2012) investigated histopathological and physiologic MRI features using diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), dynamic susceptibility–weighted, and contrast enhanced perfusion imaging (DSC). Image-guided tissue specimens were taken from contrast enhanced (CE) and non-enhancing (NE) regions in GBM (93 CE and 26 NE regions from 51 patients with newly diagnosed GBM). The authors analysed variables of anatomic, imaging, and histopathological features (tumour score, cell density, proliferation, architectural disruption, hypoxia, and microvascular hyperplasia). Tissue samples from CE regions were found to have increased tumour score, cellular density, proliferation, and architectural disruption compared with NE regions.(Barajas, Phillips et al. 2012) MRI in the evaluation of perfusion Perfusion measurement of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) has been proposed as a method for identifying angiogenically active tumours. Increased angiogenesis in high-grade gliomas is correlated with higher cerebral blood volume (CBV) after contrast administration with dynamic MRI, relative to contralateral normal white matter rCBF and tumour aggressiveness. (Provenzale, York et al. 2006, Gruner, Paamand et al. 2012) Also microvascular density (MVD) of tumour tissue has been shown to relate to tumour behaviour and prognosis. Furthermore it has been demonstrated that abnormalities in contrast agent recirculation provide independent information concerning the microcirculation and may be of value as surrogate markers in trials of antiangiogenic therapy.(Alan Jackson 2002) Early changes of rCBV, evaluated by MRI before and at weeks 1-2 and 3-4 during radiotherapy, can indicate response to treatment and correlate with survival [Cao]. Also Galban investigated the predictive impact of MRI in this setting, suggesting the use of voxel-by-voxel parametric response maps at 3 weeks after radiotherapy to predict overall survival.(Galban, Chenevert et al. 2009) Another MRI technique which has shown promises in the assessment of the tumour microvascular environment is susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI), which aims to underline the susceptibility differences between tissues. Liu et al. demonstrated that R2*values are significantly different between high-grade gliomas, low-grade gliomas, postulating that these differences may be related to the different content of deoxyhaemoglobin.(Liu, Liao et al. 2014)